Dental caries remains a widespread global health concern, affecting individuals across all age groups. Despite advancements in preventive dentistry, such as fluoride treatments and improved oral hygiene, the disease continues to be a leading cause of tooth decay and loss. The development of a caries vaccine presents a promising approach to combat this issue by targeting key cariogenic bacteria, primarily Streptococcus mutans. This article reviews the historical background, molecular targets, vaccine types, administration routes, recent advancements, and associated risks. Drawing insights from recent research findings, we explore the feasibility of a dental caries vaccine as a viable public health intervention, highlighting its potential for long-term prevention and improved global oral health outcomes.